![]() ![]() People with depression commonly show profound activational impairments, such as lassitude, listlessness, fatigue, and anergia (low self-reported energy) that affect their motivation ( Tylee et al., 1999 Stahl, 2002). Motivated behavior is directed toward or away from particular stimuli, but it also is characterized by a high degree of activity, effort, vigor, and persistence ( Salamone and Correa, 2002, 2012). The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual in its last edition (DMS-5) defines this disorder as a set of symptoms including: depressed mood, decreased interest or pleasure in almost all activities nearly every day, appetite changes (changes in body weight), sleep disturbances, feelings of worthlessness or guilt, diminished ability to concentrate or indecisiveness, psychomotor agitation or retardation and fatigue or loss of energy ( American Psychiatric Association, 2013).Īlthough depression is typically defined as an affective disorder, it also appears that some symptoms such as psychomotor retardation, fatigue, and loss of energy are related to deficits in motivation, specifically in activational aspects of motivation. Major depression disorder (MDD) is one of the most debilitating disorders in the world, and the most commonly diagnosed according to the World Health Organization. Major Depression Disorder: Symptomatology and Current Treatment In conclusion, although further studies are needed, it appears that caffeine and selective adenosine receptor antagonists could be therapeutic agents for the treatment of motivational dysfunction in depression. Thus, the ability of adenosine receptor antagonists to reverse the anergia induced by dopamine antagonism or depletion is of special interest. The effects on motivational symptoms of depression such as anergia, fatigue, and psychomotor slowing receive particular attention. This review focuses on how caffeine and selective adenosine antagonists can improve different aspects of depression in humans, as well as in animal models. Moreover, selective adenosine receptor antagonists are being assessed for their antidepressant effects in animal studies. Caffeine is a non-selective adenosine antagonist for A 1/A 2A receptors, and has been demonstrated to modulate behavior in classical animal models of depression. Epidemiological data suggest that caffeine consumption can have an impact on aspects of depressive symptomatology. Thus, new pharmacological targets are being investigated. Some of the motivational symptoms of depression, such anergia (lack of self-reported energy) and fatigue are relatively resistant to traditional treatments such as serotonin uptake inhibitors. ![]() Major depressive disorder is one of the most common and debilitating psychiatric disorders. ![]() 2Behavioral Neuroscience Division, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, United States.1Àrea de Psicobiologia, Universitat Jaume I, Castellón de la Plana, Spain.Helping a friend with an addiction.Laura López-Cruz 1†, John D. Safety and efficacy of lofexidine for medically managed opioid withdrawal: a randomized controlled clinical trial. 4, Withdrawal Management.įishman M, Tirado C, Alam D, Gullo K, Clinch T, Gorodetzky CW. Marijuana drug facts.Ĭlinical Guidelines for Withdrawal Management and Treatment of Drug Dependence in Closed Settings. Substance withdrawal.Īmerican Psychological Association. Drug abuse statistics.Īmerican Psychological Association. National Center for Drug Abuse Statistics. ![]()
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